SLP 412: Clinical Methods

• Include the author's last name with the year, e.g., (Coltrane, 1998).
• Include the page number if quoting directly, e.g., (Coltrane, 1998, pp. 33-34).
• If there is no author, use a shortened title, e.g., ("Understanding Sensory Memory," 2018).
• If there are multiple works by the same author and same date, use lowercase letter assigned to the year in the reference list, e.g., (CDC, 2025b).
• When a book has two authors, use both names and the year in every citation, e.g., (Day & Neubauer, 2001).
• For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation. e.g., (Martin et al., 2020).

If at all possible, find and cite the original source directly. If you can't find the original source, cite the source that you found in your References list, and use "as cited in" in your in-text citation to that source. For example, if you read a work by Lyon et al. (2014) in which Rabbit (1982) was cited, and you were unable to read Rabbitt's work yourself, your in-text citation would look like this, and you would only include Lyon's source in your References list:

(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014).

For more details, see Section 8.6 of the 7th edition of the APA Manual, or consult the APA's online guide: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/secondary-sources 

Journal article:

Owens, H., Christian, B., & Polivka, B. (2017). Sleep behaviors in traditional-age college students: A state of the science review with implications for practice. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(11), 695-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12520

• Include digital object identifier (DOI) when available. No period follows the DOI.
• For articles without a DOI, omit it. Alternate links should not be used unless they are short and direct (e.g. PubMed links).

Website:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 18). People at high risk of developing flu-related complications. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/index.htm

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/ 

• Use the precise date for websites. Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
• Italicize the title of the webpage article.
• When the group author and site name are the same, omit the site name.
• For additional guidance, visit: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

Book or ebook:

Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of power. Routledge.

• Include digital object identifier (DOI) when available.
• If DOI is not available, omit it.

Chapter in an edited book or ebook: 

Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

• Include any edition information in the same parentheses as the page range of the chapter, separated with a comma.
• If the chapter has a DOI, include this after the publisher information. If no DOI or stable URL is available, omit this and end with the publisher.

Article in a reference work:

Diabetes. (2000). In The Columbia encyclopedia (6th ed., p. 2533). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Cochrane Review:

Lane, D. A., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2013). Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003075.pub3

• Parenthetical citation: (Lane & Lip, 2013)
• Narrative citation: Lane and Lip (2013)

Clinical practice guideline with a group author

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019). Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management (NICE Guideline NG136). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136

• Parenthetical citations: (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019)
• Narrative citations: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019)

UpToDate

Bordeaux, B., & Lieberman, H. R. (2020). Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages 

• Parenthetical citation: (Bordeaux & Lieberman, 2020)
• Narrative citation: Bordeaux and Lieberman (2020)

Drug information

Sandoz. (n.d.). Prednisolone acetate (prednisolone acetate) suspension/drops [Drug information]. Guideline Central. https://www.guidelinecentral.com/share/drug-information/61314-637#section-title

• Parenthetical citation: (Sandoz, n.d.)
• Narrative citation: Sandoz (n.d.)

Lab or diagnostic manual

Pagana, K. D., Pagana, T. J., & Pagana, T. N. (2019). Mosby’s diagnostic and laboratory test reference (14th ed.). Elsevier.

• Parenthetical citation: (Pagana et al., 2019)
• Narrative citation: Pagana et al. (2019)

For more examples and guidance, visit the APA's guide for Clinical Practice References here.

Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 author's names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name.

In-text citations:

• Parenthetical citation: (Vos et al., 2020)
• Narrative citation: Vos et al. (2020)

Reference list:

Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., … Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9